Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Exploring the potential of pheophorbide A, a chlorophyll-derived compound in modulating GLUT for maintaining glucose homeostasis

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1330058

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–C) Physicochemical analysis of the selected compounds; (A, B) ProTox ii–generated radar plot for pheophorbide A and Metformin; (C) heatmap for Lipinski and SwissADME (Lipinski criteria are mentioned in the properties column, remaining accounts as the maximum and minimum bars represented in the illustration).

Article Snippet: Pheophorbide A data represented that it is non-toxic with respect to the biochemical pathways included in ProTox-II analysis, that is, aryl hydrocarbon, estrogen receptor, androgen, heat shock factor response element, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like anti-oxidant responsive element, aromatase, mitochondrial membrane potential, and tumor suppressor protein.

Techniques: Generated

Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Exploring the potential of pheophorbide A, a chlorophyll-derived compound in modulating GLUT for maintaining glucose homeostasis

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1330058

Figure Lengend Snippet: Binding affinity values using PyRx.

Article Snippet: Pheophorbide A data represented that it is non-toxic with respect to the biochemical pathways included in ProTox-II analysis, that is, aryl hydrocarbon, estrogen receptor, androgen, heat shock factor response element, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like anti-oxidant responsive element, aromatase, mitochondrial membrane potential, and tumor suppressor protein.

Techniques: Binding Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Exploring the potential of pheophorbide A, a chlorophyll-derived compound in modulating GLUT for maintaining glucose homeostasis

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1330058

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–C) Molecular docking showing the 2D image of amino acids involved in the binding site and a 3D image of the hydrogen bond interaction of GLUT1 with the ligands; (A) GLUT1 and glucose; (B) GLUT1 and Metformin; (C) GLUT1 and pheophorbide A.

Article Snippet: Pheophorbide A data represented that it is non-toxic with respect to the biochemical pathways included in ProTox-II analysis, that is, aryl hydrocarbon, estrogen receptor, androgen, heat shock factor response element, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like anti-oxidant responsive element, aromatase, mitochondrial membrane potential, and tumor suppressor protein.

Techniques: Binding Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Exploring the potential of pheophorbide A, a chlorophyll-derived compound in modulating GLUT for maintaining glucose homeostasis

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1330058

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–E) Molecular dynamics simulation of GLUT1 with pheophorbide A using GROMACS; (A) Radius of gyration (Rg) value up to 100 ns; (B) root-mean-square deviation of the backbone atom of the complex; (C) root-mean-square fluctuation of c-alpha atoms of the complex; (D) inter-hydrogen bond of the complex; (E) intra-hydrogen bond of the complex.

Article Snippet: Pheophorbide A data represented that it is non-toxic with respect to the biochemical pathways included in ProTox-II analysis, that is, aryl hydrocarbon, estrogen receptor, androgen, heat shock factor response element, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like anti-oxidant responsive element, aromatase, mitochondrial membrane potential, and tumor suppressor protein.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Exploring the potential of pheophorbide A, a chlorophyll-derived compound in modulating GLUT for maintaining glucose homeostasis

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1330058

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A, B) Effects of pheophorbide A and Metformin on INS-1 cell viability by using MTT assay; (A) dose-dependent effect of pheophorbide A and Metformin on the cell viability of INS-1 cells. Data represent the mean ± SE, ( n = 9; N = 3). Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test indicates significant differences (**** p < 0.0001). (B) Representative bright-field microscopy images illustrating the influence of pheophorbide A at concentrations of 0.5 µM and 1.0 µM on INS-1 cells. (C) Representative bright-field microscopy images of INS-1 cells under non-treatment conditions. For all images, scale bar is 1 µm.

Article Snippet: Pheophorbide A data represented that it is non-toxic with respect to the biochemical pathways included in ProTox-II analysis, that is, aryl hydrocarbon, estrogen receptor, androgen, heat shock factor response element, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like anti-oxidant responsive element, aromatase, mitochondrial membrane potential, and tumor suppressor protein.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Microscopy

Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Exploring the potential of pheophorbide A, a chlorophyll-derived compound in modulating GLUT for maintaining glucose homeostasis

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1330058

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–C) Effect of pheophorbide A and Metformin on density of GLUT1 at the plasma membrane and uptake of glucose under 3 mM and 20 mM glucose concentration in INS-1 cells; (A) GLUT1 density at the plasma membrane, images were taken at 100× using TIRF-M; (B) bar graph representing density of GLUT1 with respect to pheophorbide A and Metformin treatment ( n = 14; N = 3); (C) bar graph representing glucose uptake by INS-1 cells in treated (pheophorbide A/Metformin) and untreated conditions, cultured at 3 mM and 20 mM glucose media ( n = 9; N = 2). Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test indicates significant differences (**** p < 0.0001; * p 0.0488). For all images, scale bar is 1 µm.

Article Snippet: Pheophorbide A data represented that it is non-toxic with respect to the biochemical pathways included in ProTox-II analysis, that is, aryl hydrocarbon, estrogen receptor, androgen, heat shock factor response element, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like anti-oxidant responsive element, aromatase, mitochondrial membrane potential, and tumor suppressor protein.

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Membrane, Concentration Assay, Cell Culture

Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Exploring the potential of pheophorbide A, a chlorophyll-derived compound in modulating GLUT for maintaining glucose homeostasis

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1330058

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–H) Effect of pheophorbide A and Metformin on GLUT1 trafficking. Cells were imaged for up to 1 min at 1 s time interval using TIRF-M; the generated tracks were then analyzed; (A, B) display of INS-1 transfected cells and their corresponding tracks generated using the TrackMate function in ImageJ; (C) quantification of the total distance traveled by GLUT1 puncta in 1 min was calculated ( n = 15 tracks, N = 5 cells); (D) calculation of the average speed of GLUT1 puncta observed at 1 s intervals up to 1 min ( n = 15 tracks, N = 5 cells); (E–G) depiction of trends observed in GLUT1 under untreated and treated conditions with Metformin/pheophorbide A for single puncta using tracks generated by ImageJ; (F) measurement of the distance traveled by a single puncta in untreated and treated conditions (Metformin/pheophorbide A) up to 40 s. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test indicates significant differences (**** p < 0.0001; * p 0.0478). For all images, the scale bar is 1 µm. (F) During the tracking process, the high mobility of the control blue dot and metformin black dot made accurate tracking challenging, hence, is not represented after 20 s.

Article Snippet: Pheophorbide A data represented that it is non-toxic with respect to the biochemical pathways included in ProTox-II analysis, that is, aryl hydrocarbon, estrogen receptor, androgen, heat shock factor response element, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like anti-oxidant responsive element, aromatase, mitochondrial membrane potential, and tumor suppressor protein.

Techniques: Generated, Transfection, Control

Journal: BMC Plant Biology

Article Title: Greenhouse covering cultivation promotes chlorophyll accumulation of tea plant ( Camellia sinensis ) by activating relevant gene expression and enzyme activity

doi: 10.1186/s12870-024-05149-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Variation of enzyme activity related to chlorophyll metabolism between field green tea and greenhouse green tea (U/g)

Article Snippet: The ELISA kits of chlorophyll a synthetase (chlG), pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), magnesium dechelatase (SGR), chlorophyllase (CLH), chlorophyll(ide) b reductase (NOL/NYC1) and chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) were purchased from Jiangsu Jingmei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China).

Techniques: Activity Assay